Increased levels of Gli3 repressor (Gli3-REP) and decreased GSK-3β phosphorylation further confirmed Hedgehog pathway inhibition. In conclusion, the current study provides the first evidence that CAN, CGA, and their combination modulate the Hedgehog pathway, suggesting their potential as novel therapeutic strategies for IPF.

P4, N=198, Active, not recruiting, Yuhan Corporation | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting | Trial completion date: Oct 2025 --> Feb 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Jun 2025 --> Feb 2026

P=N/A, N=100, Not yet recruiting, Jinan central hospital; Jinan central hospitalJinan central hospital

P1/2, N=36, Not yet recruiting, Tanta University

Telmisartan inhibited NSCLC by inducing ferroptosis via the NRF2/GPX4 axis, offering a new therapeutic strategy and potential clinical application for NSCLC treatment.

P2, N=90, Recruiting, Brigham and Women's Hospital | Not yet recruiting --> Recruiting

In vivo, AGTR1 facilitated early tumor engraftment and promoted tumor progression, accompanied by reduced E-cadherin and elevated N-cadherin expression, with most of these changes suppressed by LOS treatment. In conclusion, our findings highlight the crucial role of AGTR1 in bladder cancer and support the repositioning of ARBs, such as LOS, as therapeutics for AGTR1-upregulated bladder cancer, while underscoring the importance of AGTR1 stratification for future clinical evaluation.

P2, N=36, Terminated, University of California, San Francisco | N=120 --> 36 | Trial completion date: May 2027 --> Jan 2026 | Active, not recruiting --> Terminated | Trial primary completion date: May 2025 --> Jan 2026; Funding limitations.

These three compounds were also tested on the vemurafenib-resistant (A375R) and normal (HaCaT and MRC-5) cell lines, and compound 8 showed better cytotoxicity (IC50 = 8.84 ± 1.24 µM) and selectivity (>3.50) when compared to telmisartan (IC50 = 29.23 ± 3.88, selectivity > 2.40). All three compounds induced cell cycle arrest and disrupted mitochondrial morphology and membrane potential. These findings highlight their potential as non-antihypertensive telmisartan derivatives for melanoma therapy.

Our research demonstrated for the first time that EMPA reduced the incidence of ventricular arrhythmia by regulating AMPK/mTOR signaling and restored autophagic flux in DOX-treated rats and NRVCMs.

Electron microscopic examination of the combination group revealed the restoration of nuclear and mitochondrial structures with less glial activation and multivesicular bodies. In conclusion, the combination of NSt and Tel are notable agents in mitigating hippocampal neuronal necrosis and astrogliosis and reduced Fip-induced neurotoxicity.

This review synthesises the current mechanistic and translational research on losartan in solid tumours, aiming to clarify its anti-cancer properties, explore its synergy with nano- and immune-therapeutics, critically assess the associated challenges and identify key gaps and future directions for clinical application. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01821729 and NCT03563248.