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    CANCER:

    Anaplastic Astrocytoma

    Related cancers:
    4d
    Molecular profile of adult primary leptomeningeal gliomatosis aligns with glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype. (PubMed, Brain Pathol)
    Only one case, with relatively localized disease at diagnosis, received chemoradiation therapy and survived 535 days, raising the possibility that early diagnosis and timely treatment could improve outcome. A detailed list of previously reported cases is provided in a supplementary table.
    Journal
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    TP53 (Tumor protein P53) • PTEN (Phosphatase and tensin homolog) • CDKN2A (Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A) • NF1 (Neurofibromin 1) • TERT (Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase) • CDK4 (Cyclin-dependent kinase 4) • CDKN2B (Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2B) • GLI1 (GLI Family Zinc Finger 1)
    |
    TP53 mutation • PTEN mutation • CDKN2A deletion • CDK4 amplification • TERT mutation • TERT promoter mutation
    11d
    Early progressive disease within 2 years in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant astrocytoma may indicate radiation necrosis. (PubMed, Jpn J Clin Oncol)
    Radiation necrosis should be considered in cases showing early progression of isocitrate dehydrogenase-mutant astrocytoma, and a second surgery should be performed to confirm true recurrence or radiation necrosis. Astrocytomas with telomerase reverse-transcriptase promoter mutations may relapse relatively early and should be followed up with caution.
    Journal
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    CDKN2A (Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A) • TERT (Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase) • CDKN2B (Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2B)
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    CDKN2A deletion
    18d
    Efineptakin Alfa and Pembrolizumab for the Treatment of Recurrent Glioblastoma (clinicaltrials.gov)
    P2, N=44, Recruiting, Mayo Clinic | Trial completion date: Oct 2025 --> Oct 2028 | Trial primary completion date: Oct 2024 --> Oct 2027
    Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • Tumor mutational burden
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    Keytruda (pembrolizumab) • Hyleukin-7 (efineptakin alfa)
    26d
    Triapine in Combination with Temozolomide for the Treatment of Patients with Recurrent Glioblastoma (clinicaltrials.gov)
    P1, N=30, Recruiting, Northwestern University | Active, not recruiting --> Recruiting
    Enrollment open • Combination therapy
    |
    temozolomide • Triapine (3-AP)
    27d
    HSV-tk and XRT and Chemotherapy for Newly Diagnosed GBM (clinicaltrials.gov)
    P1/2, N=62, Recruiting, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute | Trial primary completion date: Dec 2023 --> Dec 2025
    Trial primary completion date • Gene therapy
    |
    ProstAtak (aglatimagene besadenovec) • valacyclovir
    1m
    Neo-adjuvant Evaluation of Glioma Lysate Vaccines in WHO Grade II Glioma (clinicaltrials.gov)
    P1, N=28, Completed, Jennie Taylor | Active, not recruiting --> Completed
    Trial completion
    |
    CD8 (cluster of differentiation 8) • CXCL10 (Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10)
    |
    CXCL10 expression
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    GBM6-AD • Hiltonol (poly-ICLC)
    1m
    The engagement of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PLCγ1/PKC pathways regulated by TrkB receptor in resistance of glioma cells to elimination upon apoptosis induction. (PubMed, Neuropharmacology)
    Sorafenib, Temozolomide, U-73122, and LOXO-101 effectively eliminate cancer cells. Inhibiting the pathways regulated by TrkB receptor combined with Temozolomide action, led to successful gliomas elimination. Those results might serve as basis for modern targeted treatment development.
    Journal • IO biomarker
    |
    BCL2 (B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2) • NTRK2 (Neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 2) • CASP8 (Caspase 8) • CASP9 (Caspase 9) • BECN1 (Beclin 1)
    |
    Vitrakvi (larotrectinib) • sorafenib • temozolomide
    1m
    Mycophenolate Mofetil Combined With Radiation Therapy in Glioblastoma (clinicaltrials.gov)
    P1, N=68, Recruiting, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center | Trial completion date: Oct 2027 --> Feb 2028 | Trial primary completion date: Oct 2024 --> Feb 2025
    Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date
    |
    temozolomide
    1m
    Selinexor in Treating Younger Patients With Recurrent or Refractory Solid Tumors or High-Grade Gliomas (clinicaltrials.gov)
    P1, N=59, Active, not recruiting, Children's Oncology Group | Trial completion date: Sep 2024 --> Sep 2025
    Trial completion date
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    AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein)
    |
    Xpovio (selinexor)
    1m
    Stereotactic Photodynamic Therapy of Recurrent Malignant Gliomas. (PubMed, Sovrem Tekhnologii Med)
    In the early postoperative period, two patients had motor aphasia and hemiparesis, which further regressed. The results of a small group of patients allow to consider sPDT with 5-ALA as a promising technique to treat patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas in functionally relevant brain areas and require further prospective assessment.
    Retrospective data • Journal
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    IDH1 (Isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1)
    1m
    INCB7839 in Treating Children With Recurrent/Progressive High-Grade Gliomas (clinicaltrials.gov)
    P1, N=13, Active, not recruiting, Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium | Trial completion date: Jun 2024 --> Mar 2025
    Trial completion date
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    HER-2 (Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) • CD4 (CD4 Molecule) • ADAM10 (ADAM Metallopeptidase Domain 10)
    |
    aderbasib (INCB7839)
    1m
    NCI-2018-00876: Telaglenastat With Radiation Therapy and Temozolomide in Treating Patients With IDH-Mutated Diffuse Astrocytoma or Anaplastic Astrocytoma (clinicaltrials.gov)
    P1, N=40, Active, not recruiting, National Cancer Institute (NCI) | Trial completion date: Dec 2024 --> Dec 2025 | Trial primary completion date: Dec 2024 --> Dec 2025
    Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • Combination therapy
    |
    IDH1 (Isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1) • IDH2 (Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2)
    |
    IDH1 mutation • IDH2 mutation
    |
    temozolomide • telaglenastat (CB-839)
    1m
    ACNS1721: Veliparib, Radiation Therapy, and Temozolomide in Treating Patients With Newly Diagnosed Malignant Glioma Without H3 K27M or BRAFV600 Mutations (clinicaltrials.gov)
    P2, N=38, Active, not recruiting, National Cancer Institute (NCI) | Trial completion date: Sep 2024 --> Oct 2025
    Trial completion date
    |
    BRAF (B-raf proto-oncogene)
    |
    IDH wild-type
    |
    temozolomide • veliparib (ABT-888)
    1m
    Study of Olutasidenib and Temozolomide in HGG (clinicaltrials.gov)
    P2, N=60, Not yet recruiting, Rigel Pharmaceuticals | Initiation date: Jun 2024 --> Nov 2024
    Trial initiation date
    |
    IDH1 (Isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1)
    |
    IDH1 mutation
    |
    temozolomide • Rezlidhia (olutasidenib)
    2ms
    Lapatinib Ditosylate Before Surgery in Treating Patients With Recurrent High-Grade Glioma (clinicaltrials.gov)
    P1, N=29, Completed, National Cancer Institute (NCI) | Active, not recruiting --> Completed | Trial completion date: Oct 2025 --> Oct 2024
    Trial completion • Trial completion date • Surgery
    |
    EGFR (Epidermal growth factor receptor)
    |
    EGFR amplification
    |
    lapatinib
    2ms
    Lapatinib Ditosylate Before Surgery in Treating Patients With Recurrent High-Grade Glioma (clinicaltrials.gov)
    P1, N=29, Active, not recruiting, National Cancer Institute (NCI) | Trial completion date: Oct 2024 --> Oct 2025
    Trial completion date
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    EGFR (Epidermal growth factor receptor)
    |
    EGFR amplification
    |
    lapatinib
    2ms
    A case of epithelioid glioblastoma with lung metastases in a young Cane Corso dog. (PubMed, J Comp Pathol)
    The glioblastoma in this Cane Corso had epithelioid morphology with histological features of malignancy including high mitotic count, microvascular proliferation, serpentine necrosis and subventricular zone involvement. Epithelioid glioblastoma is a rare subtype that has only relatively recently been formally acknowledged in human medicine and it can also pose a diagnostic challenge in veterinary medicine.
    Journal
    |
    VIM (Vimentin) • GFAP (Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein)
    2ms
    Olaparib in Treating Patients With Advanced Glioma, Cholangiocarcinoma, or Solid Tumors With IDH1 or IDH2 Mutations (clinicaltrials.gov)
    P2, N=145, Active, not recruiting, National Cancer Institute (NCI) | Trial completion date: Jul 2024 --> Jul 2025 | Trial primary completion date: Jul 2024 --> Jul 2025
    Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • Metastases
    |
    IDH1 (Isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1) • IDH2 (Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2)
    |
    IDH2 mutation • IDH1 R132H • IDH2 R172K • IDH1 R132C • IDH1 R132 • IDH1 R132G • IDH2 R140Q • IDH1 R132L • IDH1 R132S • IDH1 R132V • IDH2 R172 • IDH2 R172G
    |
    Lynparza (olaparib)
    2ms
    A multi-center, clinical analysis of IDH-mutant gliomas, WHO Grade 4: implications for prognosis and clinical trial design. (PubMed, J Neurooncol)
    These findings underscore the severe prognostic impact of CDKN2A/B deletion in IDH-mutant astrocytomas and highlight the need for further refinement of tumor prognostic categorization. Our results provide a key benchmark of baseline patient outcomes for therapeutic trials, underscoring the importance of CDKN2A/B status assessment, in addition to histologic grading, in clinical trial design and therapeutic decision-making for IDH-mutant astrocytoma patients.
    Journal
    |
    IDH1 (Isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1) • IDH2 (Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2) • CDKN2A (Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A) • CDKN2B (Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2B)
    |
    CDKN2A deletion • CDKN2A mutation • IDH wild-type
    2ms
    Tectal glioma: clinical, radiological, and pathological features, and the importance of molecular analysis. (PubMed, Brain Tumor Pathol)
    Our results demonstrate the diverse histological and molecular characteristics of TG distinct from other LrGGs. Given the heterogeneous pathological background and the risk of pathological progression in TG, we emphasize the importance of comprehensive diagnosis, including molecular evaluation.
    Journal
    |
    KRAS (KRAS proto-oncogene GTPase) • BRAF (B-raf proto-oncogene) • H3-3A (H3.3 Histone A)
    |
    KRAS mutation
    2ms
    Expression of CREBBP and EP300 Associated With Tumor Volume in Patients With Grade-3 Glioma: A Retrospective Analysis. (PubMed, Clin Med Insights Oncol)
    It is suggested that higher expression levels of CREBBP and EP300 are positively associated with increased tumor volume. Inhibition of CREBBP and EP300 enhances local immunogenicity, leading to the recruitment of immune cells and release of cytokines for effective tumor eradication, ultimately resulting in the inhibition of tumor growth.
    Retrospective data • Journal
    |
    CREBBP (CREB binding protein) • EP300 (E1A binding protein p300) • GAPDH (Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase)
    3ms
    M032-HSV-1: Genetically Engineered HSV-1 Phase 1 Study for the Treatment of Recurrent Malignant Glioma (clinicaltrials.gov)
    P1, N=29, Active, not recruiting, University of Alabama at Birmingham | Trial completion date: Sep 2024 --> Sep 2025
    Trial completion date
    3ms
    5G-RUBY: Avutometinib and Defactinib in Malignant Brain Tumours (clinicaltrials.gov)
    P1/2, N=182, Recruiting, Institute of Cancer Research, United Kingdom
    New P1/2 trial • Combination therapy
    |
    BRAF (B-raf proto-oncogene)
    |
    temozolomide • avutometinib (VS-6766) • defactinib (VS-6063)
    3ms
    Triapine in Combination With Temozolomide for the Treatment of Patients With Recurrent Glioblastoma (clinicaltrials.gov)
    P1, N=30, Active, not recruiting, Northwestern University | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting
    Enrollment closed • Combination therapy
    |
    temozolomide • Triapine (3-AP)
    3ms
    Immunological challenges and opportunities in glioblastoma multiforme: A comprehensive view from immune system lens. (PubMed, Life Sci)
    The recent trends indicate that there are various monoclonal antibodies and peptide-based vaccines that can be utilized to overcome the immune evasion technique harbored by GBM cells. A strategic development of Immunotherapy considering these hallmarks of immune evasion may help in designing a therapy that may prove to be effective in killing the GBM cells thereby, improving the overall survival of GBM-affected patients.
    Review • Journal • PD(L)-1 Biomarker • IO biomarker
    |
    PD-L1 (Programmed death ligand 1) • CTLA4 (Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Associated Protein 4)
    |
    PD-L1 overexpression
    3ms
    Proapoptotic and antimigration properties of osthole in combination with LY294002 against human glioma cells. (PubMed, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol)
    In addition, the combination of compounds induced apoptosis. New combination of compounds shows a high pro-apoptotic potential and also inhibits the migration of gliomas cells.
    Journal • Combination therapy • IO biomarker
    |
    BCL2 (B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2) • CDH2 (Cadherin 2) • BECN1 (Beclin 1)
    |
    BCL2 expression
    |
    LY294002
    3ms
    Study of Ribociclib and Everolimus in HGG and DIPG (clinicaltrials.gov)
    P2, N=100, Recruiting, Nationwide Children's Hospital | Not yet recruiting --> Recruiting
    Enrollment open
    |
    PIK3CA (Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha) • PTEN (Phosphatase and tensin homolog) • CDKN2A (Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A) • RB1 (RB Transcriptional Corepressor 1) • CCND1 (Cyclin D1) • CDK4 (Cyclin-dependent kinase 4) • CDKN2B (Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2B) • PIK3R1 (Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase Regulatory Subunit 1) • CDK6 (Cyclin-dependent kinase 6) • CCND2 (Cyclin D2) • CDKN2C (Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2C)
    |
    PIK3CA mutation • PTEN mutation • CDKN2A deletion • PIK3CA amplification • CCND1 amplification • CDK4 amplification • PIK3R1 mutation
    |
    everolimus • Kisqali (ribociclib)
    3ms
    AB055. Infantile high-grade glioma (IHG)-a case series of Hong Kong experience. (PubMed, Chin Clin Oncol)
    Infantile high-grade glioma should be regarded as a unique tumor entity and a multidisciplinary approach is paramount in improving survival for this group of patients.
    Retrospective data • Journal
    |
    ALK (Anaplastic lymphoma kinase) • NTRK1 (Neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 1) • NTRK3 (Neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 3) • ETV6 (ETS Variant Transcription Factor 6) • NTRK (Neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase) • HMBOX1 (Homeobox Containing 1)
    |
    NTRK1 fusion • NTRK3 fusion • ALK fusion • ETV6-NTRK3 fusion • ROS1 fusion • ALK-ROS1 fusion • TPR-NTRK1 fusion • NTRK fusion
    3ms
    AB011. A propensity-score matched prospective study on the impact of tumour treating fields (TTF) on overall survival and quality of life in newly diagnosed WHO grade 4 astrocytoma patients. (PubMed, Chin Clin Oncol)
    TTF for WHO grade 4 astrocytoma patients is an independent predictor for OS. QoL between the groups was similar, and overall QoL over time for TTF patients was not affected. TTF is a novel and effective outpatient treatment with minimal adverse effects.
    Clinical • Journal • HEOR
    |
    IDH1 (Isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1) • MGMT (6-O-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase)
    |
    IDH1 mutation
    3ms
    RIGEL: Radiotherapy in IDH Mutated Glioma: Evaluation of Late Outcomes (clinicaltrials.gov)
    P=N/A, N=80, Completed, Erasmus Medical Center | Recruiting --> Completed | Trial completion date: May 2026 --> Jun 2024
    Trial completion • Trial completion date
    3ms
    HSV G207 with a Single Radiation Dose in Children with Recurrent High-Grade Glioma (clinicaltrials.gov)
    P2, N=40, Recruiting, Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium | Not yet recruiting --> Recruiting
    Enrollment open
    |
    HSV G207
    3ms
    Targeted Pediatric High-Grade Glioma Therapy (clinicaltrials.gov)
    P=N/A, N=450, Recruiting, Nationwide Children's Hospital | Not yet recruiting --> Recruiting
    Enrollment open
    4ms
    hERG channel agonist NS1643 strongly inhibits invasive astrocytoma cell line SMA-560. (PubMed, PLoS One)
    In addition, NS1643 treatment also resulted in a reduction of the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and SMA-560 cell migration. When combined with temozolomide, an additive impact was observed, suggesting that NS1643 may be a suitable adjuvant to temozolomide and limit the invasiveness of glioma.
    Preclinical • Journal
    |
    MMP9 (Matrix metallopeptidase 9)
    |
    temozolomide
    4ms
    Dendritic Cell Vaccine for Patients With Brain Tumors (clinicaltrials.gov)
    P2, N=24, Completed, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center | Active, not recruiting --> Completed | N=60 --> 24 | Trial completion date: Jan 2026 --> Aug 2024 | Trial primary completion date: Jan 2025 --> Aug 2024
    Trial completion • Enrollment change • Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date
    |
    Hiltonol (poly-ICLC)
    4ms
    Evaluating the Expression Levels of MicroRNA-10b in Patients With Gliomas (clinicaltrials.gov)
    P=N/A, N=200, Recruiting, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center | Trial completion date: May 2024 --> May 2025 | Trial primary completion date: May 2024 --> May 2025
    Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date
    4ms
    VEGFA contributes to tumor property of glioblastoma cells by promoting differentiation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. (PubMed, BMC Cancer)
    VEGFA contributed to tumor property of GBM cells by promoting MDSC differentiation and TGF-β1 secretion by MDSCs, providing potential targets for GBM treatment.
    Journal
    |
    VEGFA (Vascular endothelial growth factor A) • CD9 (CD9 Molecule) • TGFB1 (Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1) • CD81 (CD81 Molecule)
    4ms
    C134-HSV-1: Trial of C134 in Patients With Recurrent GBM (clinicaltrials.gov)
    P1, N=19, Active, not recruiting, University of Alabama at Birmingham | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting | Trial completion date: Sep 2025 --> Sep 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Sep 2024 --> Apr 2025
    Enrollment closed • Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date
    4ms
    The role of progranulin in macrophages of a glioblastoma model. (PubMed, J Neurooncol)
    Our results suggest that macrophage-derived PGRN is pivotal for fostering malignant transformations within the tumor microenvironment.
    Journal
    |
    IL6 (Interleukin 6) • IL10 (Interleukin 10)
    4ms
    Retinal Reactive Astrocytic Tumor and Astrocytic hamartomas in patient with Neurofibromatosis type 1: Case Report and Literature review. (PubMed, Eur J Ophthalmol)
    This case, in addition to considering NF1 as one of the ocular conditions associated with secondary RRAT, underlines the importance of early referral and continuous ophthalmological follow-up in preventing possible complications that could cause significant visual impairment in patients with NF1.
    Review • Journal
    |
    NF1 (Neurofibromin 1)
    4ms
    An Investigational Scan (Ga-68 PSMA-11 PET/CT) for Detection of Disease Recurrence or Progression in Patients With Glioma (clinicaltrials.gov)
    P2, N=25, Recruiting, Mayo Clinic | Not yet recruiting --> Recruiting
    Enrollment open
    4ms
    Glioma Type Prediction with Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MR Imaging and Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging-A Standardized Multicenter Study. (PubMed, Cancers (Basel))
    A combination of DCE-MRI and DKI parameters revealed the best prediction of HGG vs. LGG (AUC = 0.954 (0.900-1.000)), IDH1/2 wildtype vs. mutated gliomas (AUC = 0.802 (0.702-0.903)), and astrocytomas/glioblastomas vs. oligodendrogliomas (AUC = 0.806 (0.700-0.912)) with the lowest Akaike information criterion. The combination of DCE-MRI and DKI seems helpful in predicting glioma types according to the 2021 World Health Organization's (WHO) classification.
    Clinical • Journal
    |
    IDH1 (Isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1) • IDH2 (Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2)
    5ms
    Using MRI-Guided Laser Heat Ablation to Induce Disruption of the Peritumoral Blood Brain Barrier to Enhance Delivery and Efficacy of Treatment of Pediatric Brain Tumors (clinicaltrials.gov)
    P2, N=6, Terminated, Washington University School of Medicine | N=12 --> 6 | Recruiting --> Terminated; Low accruals and competing clinical trials
    Enrollment change • Trial termination
    |
    doxorubicin hydrochloride • etoposide IV