Furthermore, the cT3/4N0M0 patients with high GDF15 expression benefited significantly from TPF induction chemotherapy, including overall survival (HR=0.233; P=0.02), disease‑free survival (HR=0.296; P=0.014), locoregional recurrence‑free survival (HR=0.347; P=0.035) and distant metastasis‑free survival (HR=0.212; P=0.013) rates.