In our in-house cohort of 57 samples from 17 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with immunotherapy, the serum proteomics data revealed that ENO1 was significantly higher in non-responders (p =ā0.0023) and its level increased as disease progressed (pā=ā0.005)...This study characterized and thoroughly elucidated CSCs, through integrative analyses of multi-omics data, identifying ENO1 as a novel serum biomarker for predicting immunotherapeutic outcome in NSCLC.